The nature of law is one of the most important questions of philosophy of law. In the contemporary legal theories, two approaches can be identified about the nature of law: 1) We need to understand the general conditions which would render any putative norm that is legally valid. Is it, for example, just a matter of the source of the norms, such as its enactment by a particular political institution, or is it also a matter of the norm`s content? This is the general question about the conditions of legal validity. 2) There is the interest in the normative aspect of law. This interest is twofold: a complete philosophical account of the normatively of law that comprises both its explanatory role and normative – justificatory task. The explanatory task consists of an attempt to explain how normatively of law can give rise to the reason for action and what kinds of reason are involved. The task of justification concerns the elucidation of the reason people ought to have for acknowledging the law`s normative aspect. In other words, it is the attempt to explain the moral legitimacy of law.

The Jurists and" Lawyers are at variance of opinion regarding validity of suspended legal acts. However, Having stated the evidences of nullity and validity followers of suspension and having considered the legal justifications of void and valid legal acts, we understand that principle in validity [principle of validity: a transaction is presumed to be genuine unless proved to the contrary] in the suspended contracts, unilateral contracts and obligations. Exceptionally and in special cases, suspended legal act is void. Law, logic and custom authenticate it. In this paper, for avoiding stretching a speech we do not object to the effects of the suspended legal acts (whether narration or exploration).

Determining marriage portion, more than reasonable amount, by spouses which is not in financial ability of husband, has got legal common problem. The husband is usually undertaken by this kind of marriage portion generally, where as the circumstances indicate that he dosen’t have enough capability to pay it and there is no reasonable possibility for his ability in the future as well. Some authors have already mentioned the invalidity of these types of marriage portions for impossible delivery, but this objection has not been invoked in Islamic Jurisprudence (Fegh). The author believes that the nullity of marriage portion invoked by the above inference may be accepted exclusively by taking some general principles of law, and while considering the probabilities in the issue, the theory of invalidity of marriage portion, which are more than reasonable amount, has been preferred because of impossible delivery.

The question of validity of the legal rule is one of the original questions in the legal schools dealt with a variety of responses. This article aims to explain the process of establishing legal rules in the Permissible area. The main issues addressed in this article are: What is the nature of the permissible area, why is there the Permissible area and how to adopt a legal norm? These issues have been evaluated in this article through descriptive and analytical research methodologies. Permissible area is an area in Islamic Sharia Law in which legal rules are established through the rational method and they are based on the concept of "expediency". Although the legal rules have a hypothetical nature, they are not pure hypothetical rules. Regardless of whether the legal rules are based on a hypothetical or real nature, "ultimate cause" could explain the connection between real proposition and legal rules. The advantage and disadvantage of the criterion of the legal rules depends on whether they are appropriate or inappropriate for the expediency". Religious interests, including the expediency of binding ordinances, the goals of religion and ethical issues, are among the issues that should be considered by the legislator in the process of legislating in the Permissible area.

Despite of criminalization of insider trading in chapter 6 of the Securities Market Act ratified in 2005, Iranian legislator has not mentioned the validity of such transactions and this question has been abandoned unanswered. Question which includes validity or invalidity of transaction or revocability of such transactions because of bearing loss or deception by teeter or consistency of such transactions because of irrevocability of contracts. However, in the event of such offense, it is essential to compensate the losing. Who and what is the reason of loss and what is the quality and method of compensation, are some subjects of discussion in this article.

This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

Unlike contracts, which are bilateral legal acts, unilateral legal acts (īqāʿāt) are performed by a single party. However, if there is doubt about the validity of a unilateral act, can the principle of validity (aṣl al-ṣiḥḥah) be invoked? Does the principle of validity apply to all types of unilateral acts? In response to this question, the researcher—based on library sources and through a descriptive–analytical method—briefly explains unilateral acts and identifies specific instances where the principle may apply. Doubt regarding the validity of a legal act provides a basis for invoking the principle of validity; nevertheless, this principle cannot be universally and unconditionally applied to every legal act. Additionally, legal acts are categorized based on the involvement of parties into contracts (ʿuqūd) and unilateral acts (īqāʿāt). In contracts, due to the bilateral nature, the likelihood of doubt is generally lower.

future contract is one of the financial derivative instruments the public offering of which in Iranian capital market has been recently begun on a limited level by virtue of section 1(11) of Securities Market Act 1384. Recognizing the necessity of making lawyers acquaint with such new financial instruments, this article seeks to analyze the function of guarantee deposit, the position of exchange house and the ways to terminate such contract. Moreover, the explanation of nature and validity of the contract will be contemplated in this article. The explanation of nature of future contracts on the basis of section 10 of Iranian civil code and the reject of and answering to some criticisms raised in respect of this kind of transactions such as their deviation from the philosophy, the lack of any incentive to the delivery and take-over, being such transactions as a Kali Be Kali one (as named in Islamic law) and their being as a gambling transaction, may be noted as this article’s results.

Tehran metropolis for many reasons including location type, inadequate physical development, lack of observance of balanced development and alignment of land, failure to observe the precautionary principle in environmental issues as a preventive principal, and. . . always subject to the risks of natural hazards The population density is the main cause of existential and environmental problems in Tehran. Including threats that threaten Tehran, impending earthquakes and environmental problems. of course, with the possible earthquake in Tehran, and despite the population density in the capital, which is 19 times the national average, the damage rate and casualties resulting from it can lead to a human disaster. Therefore, the application of legal principles can be an effective solution for the most The above-described problems. By implementing the existing laws on the topic of de localisation of Tehran, including: (balanced development and land testing in the framework of the principle of equality, the implementation of e-government in the framework of the principle of compliance, the reduction of government in the light of paragraph 10 of the third principle of the Constitution, the realization of welfare state means Real in the framework of the principle of legitimate expectation, serious efforts to reduce the damage caused by possible earthquakes and environmental problems in Tehran in the light of the application of the precautionary principle, etc. ) can greatly overcome the major problems of this city. In the present study, we intend to provide a legal perspective to provide solutions to reduce the potential damage caused by these natural hazards. The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied.